Time you were shamed Essay Example for Free

Time you were shamed EssayIve had great embarrassing moments in my life. Most occurred during my childhood days. One of these happened when I was 8. I got my virtually humiliating spanking which I will never forget in my entire life. Studying should be at the top of every students priority. During this age I need to do some homework everyday. My parents used to monitor my studies and pay lots of attention to my take work and the grades on my report card. I was a very lazy kid and forgot to do my homework most of the time. My teacher once caught having no homework. She then decided to report it to my parents. We have a school handbook wherein every important school reminder should be written. My teacher wrote a letter to my parents that they were supposed to read and to sign.I really wanted to parry any punishment from my parents and so I confidently signed the letter by forging their signature. It was a very bad idea since a childs hired hand is far different from an adults . The next day it was time for my teacher to see if my parents were already aware of my misbehavior and told me that she wanted to talk to them after the class. I washstand never forget the day after that. It was Saturday which meant no class and so I have to face the truth since my parents already knew what I did. Two birds in one stone. First is by not doing homework and next is by copying their handwriting. As I woke up I went to the bathroom downstairs that my father saw me already and told me that I should be punished. He grabbed my arms and took me to the kitchen. I was about to pee in my pants and to my surprise, dad pulled down my pajamas and slid it unneurotic with my underwear to my ankles. I was standing naked and what I didnt notice was that my mom and my teacher on the subject which I failed to do homework were standing remunerate in front of me. They both saw everything and were both staring at my genitals and laughing. It was very embarrassing and I was really ash amed of my lazy deed.

Animal Species Essay Example for Free

Animal Species Essay1. On the diagram below, what percentage of energy (from the choices in blue on the left) is transferred from a producer to a (A) secondary consumer, (B) tertiary consumer, (C) quaternary consumer? The producer takes 100% from the sun therefore gives 10% to the primary consumer then 1% to the secondary consumer then .1% to the tertiary consumer and then .01% to the quaternary consumer. 2. Look at the quote from Rachel Carson on the first page. What do you think the quote means? Use some of the terms we have cover regarding the topic of food webs in your one to two paragraph explanation. All the life of the planet is inter-relatedeach species has its own ties to others, andall ar related to the earth.I think shes referring to the consumption between the animals going all around the world and going to the past life, similar to earth because all the animals eventually discover and are tied together on earth. The food chain connects everyone and everything tog ether in some way which is key to life on earth. 3. Why is it well(p) that many predatory slant have larval and juvenile stages that feed at a low trophic level, while the adults feed at a tertiary or quaternary trophic level? Its beneficial because then theyre not competing for the same food. If the juvenile are releaseing something different it will help them actually make it to adulthood.Also juvenile fish dont have the same energy as the adults so they use up in the low trophic level because its an easier and safer feed. 4. Not all adults feed at a high trophic level. Whale sharks (50 ft) are the largest fish and feed on plankton and small fish, while Great White sharks (20 ft) are the largest carnivorous fish and feed on sea lions, seals and large fish. Blue whales (100 ft) are the largest whale and feed primarily on plankton and krill, while the Sperm whale (45 ft) is the largest carnivorous whale feeding on fish and very large squid. (a) How does the positioning of each animals position in relation to the producers contribute to their size? Be sure to look at the food chain and the amount of energy that is creation transferred between the levels.I think the location of an animal correlates with ones size because if you think of a wale compared to costal fish you know they cant eat the same things considering a wale being right offshore is highly unlikely. Plus the larger animals (like a whale) wont have as such(prenominal) energyas a smaller animal to catch its food so they would eat in the low trophic level because its easier to get, and takes less(prenominal) energy. (b) Why do you suppose the plankton feeders are able to get a line such large sizes compared to the carnivores? The main reason I feel that plankton eaters are able to attain such large sizes is because plankton are not a hard catch compared to trying to catch a seal or chase a work of fish. Plankton eaters can eat a lot more, while saving energy, which is perfect for bigger ani mals.

Environmental Impact Upon Health Essay Example for Free

Environmental Impact Upon Health EssayWe world have captured the environment to adopt our lives beautiful entirely through our activities and materialistic pursuits, we have made environment the biggest enemy of our health. We have ourself created an environment which has given us all leisures of life still on the otherwise hand we have dug the walls of unhealthy livings also in it. In 1997, Department of Health Canada passed a report which stated The construct environment is part of the overall ecosystem of our earth. It encompasses all of the buildings, spaces and products that are created, or at least significantly modified, by people. It includes our homes, schools and workplaces, parks, business areas and roads. It extends overhead in the form of electrical transmission lines, underground in the form of waste disposal sites and subway trains and across the country in the form of highways. (Hancock, 2000) In the contemporary society of today, built environment is the most crucial aspect of our lives. All over the world, more than 85 per cent of people are living in urban dewllings and 80 per cent of Europe and North America have urban world.These urban settlements are creating an adverse impact on the inherent environment. They are using maximal amount of the worlds resources and in return are producing maximum waste from them. Even leRiche and Milner (1971) explained in Epidemiology as Medical Ecology, One of the most strike changes in the bionomics of man has been the growth of cities. (Hancock, 2000)The WHO Expert Committee on Environmental Health in Urban Development (WHO, 1991) pointed that In some respects, urbanisation can itself be considered to be a key variable in the health equation when the contaminant produced by a densely packed population give awaystrips the natural absorptive capacity of the citys ecosystem, adverse health effects can be increased where controls are lacking or unreliable. (Hancock, 2000) Urban civilizat ion cannot be termed as a natural ecosystem as it is completely built by humans encompassing almost whole globe in its vicinity and destroying the rattling concept of being Natural.It is a complex human ecosystem which constitutes both physical environment created by humans and the social, economic, cultural and political environments in which the humans survive. In North America itself, human beings spend around 90 percent of their time inside the four confines of their doors, another 5 per cent in their cars and remaining just 5 per cent outside. And outside too, they are spending maximum time in the vicinity of the built urban environment.It is a general trend of humans to consider the poor diet or just lack of exercise as an exc use up for their bad health but they hardly consider the ill effect of the built environment with the housing characteristics, patterns in land use, transportation etc. It is evidently proved without doubt that when these variant modes of our living st andards are not created keeping the ecological balance into favor, the ecosystem collapses (Jackson Kochtitzky, Online Edition) which deteriorates our health causing stress, chronic diseases etc.The haphazard urban development leads to the climate and atmospherical changes, pollution and ecotoxicity, resource depletion and reduced habitat and bio- diversity. (Hancock and Davies, 1997) The subject that encompasses the link between these human endeavors and the public health is known as human ecology. This human ecology can provide integrative, holistic and radical perspective on health issues. (Hancock, 2000)Catalano in 1979 propounded that there is an utmost need that the health issues must take into consideration economic and social processes which shapes partnership, so as to prevent any spread of diseases. Hancock, 2000) The metapopulation theory gives an enduring account of urban ecosystems and the human aspect of the study of the urban systems can be done by the human ecosys tem model, which deals with the social components which are the part of the human system and its connections to ecology. (Niemela, 1999)The Mandala of Health is a model, which establishes the relationship between the natural sciences and the social sciences and gives suggestion at every level of human activity corresponding to its environment. Hancock Perkins, 1985) Another model, which has incorporated the most important characteristic of ecosystem, is a Butterfly Model of Health. In this model, health is related to societal, economical goals and patterns and biological resources for self-renewal. This model states that number of biophysical and socioeconomic holarchic environments represented by wings, which exert an influence on the health of any individual or whole population. There are number of biological and behavioral filters that engulf the human beings.The nature, people and these factors affect distributively other. People are considered as healthy when the two wings of the butterfly are in equitable balance within their own dimenisons. In other words, when the biological and other factors maintain equilibrium in nature, it will lead to the healthy individuals. (VanLeeuwen, Toews, Abernathy Smit, 1999) Overall we can say that the health of the human beings is dependent on the health of the natural ecosystems and the planet.Therefore it is utmost necessary to keep the urban ecosystems healthy keeping in mind both its physical and social dimensions such as health of the population with regard to the mental well being, the social well being of the urban community with regard to their social and cultural aspects, the feeling of different components that make the built environment, the quality of the environment in the vicinity of the urban sphere like clean air, clean water, soil, prevention of noise pollution and the urban ecosystem on the overall ecosystem of planet.Indicators of Population Health at the companionship Level formulated a model kn own as the Healthy Community model. (Hancock, 2000) This model reflects on the environmental, social, economic, cultural and political factors that lead to the health of urban populations. There are three main parts, which make up the healthy community model. These are community, environment and economy, which in turn possess three qualities like livability, viability and sustainability.These qualities are related to our living styles and we humans have to make the best use of the available resources to maintain these qualities for our healthy lives. For e. g. Traffic causes respiratory problems because it causes air pollution and noise pollution. This healthy community model provides answer to the best way doable to control traffic. The theories and models show how we can maintain and improve human and ecosystem health, which will require changes in the way the urban settlements are planned, designed and worked upon.Canadian earth Health Association Taskforce on Human and Ecosyst em Health in 1992 said in a report Human development and the achievement of human authority requires a form of economic activity that is environmentally and socially sustainable in this and future generations. (Hancock, 2000) We cannot change the urban settlements but we can sort out ways by which we can reduce the pollution, and make our environment the most beautiful and healthy place to live in.

Attitude Formation: Cognitive Consistency and Inconsistency

Attitude Formation Cognitive unison and InconsistencyMinahil MeherAttitude FormationMany of our views ar acquired in situations in which we interact with or point out the behaviour of others, called friendly learning. Such learning can be acquired through several operatees, which in turn help us form military capabilitys.Classical instruct Learning based on AssociationThe evoking of an attitude by the association of an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral conditioned stimulus is the first process of learning classical conditioning. When a stimulus that is capable of producing a positive response (U.S) regularly precedes a second stimulus (C.S), the first becomes a steer for the second. Advertisers and other persuasion agents have considerable expertise in using this principle to create positive attitudes towards their products.EXAMPLE Marketing a smart drink. beforehand ConditioningAttractive Girls Positive Emotions(Unconditioned Stimulus) (Unconditioned Response)Drinks Log o No Response(Neutral Stimulus)During ConditioningAttractive GirlsPositive Emotions/AttitudesDrinks Logo (Conditioned Response) aft(prenominal) ConditioningDrinks Logo Positive Emotions/ Attitudes(Conditioned Stimulus)As the Drinks Logo is continuously being paired with images of attractive girls, positive attitudes deliver the goods be developed within the target population.Classical conditioning takes place best in social settings where an individuals close ones ar concerned, gum olibanum helping form attitudes. A young kidskin defines her mother frown and show other signs of displeasure and discomfort in the presence of a busy societal or religious class of volume. At first the child is neutral towards the presence of these people as she/he is unaw ar of their distinct characteristics e.g. peel colour, type of clothes, language etc. The child at this point has non yet learned to categorize these variations in terms of group membership. However, once these cues be pair ed repeatedly with the mothers veto emotional reactions, classical conditioning materializes, and the child then gradually begins to react in a sympathetic fashion as her mother in the presence of the particular set of people. This usually takes place on the unconscious level i.e. the child whitethorn non have conscious access to the role that mothers changed emotional reactions play on the formation of a negative attitude. As a result, the child acquires a negative attitude that is generalized to members of that group as a whole.Subliminal Conditioning jibe to a study by Krosnick et. al. (1992, as cited in Baron et.al. 2010), individuals can often form an attitude without being aware of the stimulus responsible. Students were shown photographs of a stranger engaging in a grocery stemma or walking into her apartment. While viewing these photos, other pictures associated with either positive or negative feelings, were exposed for brief periods of time. Participants who were expo sed to photographs that bring forth positive feelings (e.g. laughter, newly wed couple) liked the stranger better than participants who had been exposed to photos that induced negative feelings (e.g. open-heart surgery). This for of attitude formation is known as subliminal conditioning.Mere ExposureThis refers to having seen an fair game before, but not remembering having seen it. This too results in attitude formation and its effects on attitudes are stronger as the stimuli are perceived consciously kind of than subliminally thus, conscious memory of the stimuli is not required (but conscious pictorial matter is). Alzheimer patients, who cannot not memorize the stimuli, are seen to form new attitudes on the basis of mere exposure to certain stimuli.Instrumental Conditioning Rewards for the Right Views.We can acquire an attitude toward our classes and jobs through instrumental conditioning i.e. learning based on organise project with the object on the basis of rewards and pu nishments. If an individual experience rewards related to some(a) object, his/her attitude forget be favorable. thusly, if their work provides them with good pay, a sense of accomplishment, and compliment from co-workers, their attitude toward it will be quite positive. Attitudes that are followed by positive outcomes tend to be strengthened and are likely to be repeated, while attitudes that are followed by negative outcomes are weakened so their likelihood of being expressed a succeed is reduced.The rewards given to individuals during such conditioning, in a social context, are usually in the form of psychological acceptance. That is why it is seen that most children express political, religious and social views that are highly similar to those of their parents and other family members, until the teen when the mates influences become especially strong.EXAMPLE Positive/Favorable Attitude toward alcohol consumption (Teenage).Before Instrumental ConditioningAlcohol Consumption Ne gative(Behaviour) (Attitude towards it)Peers provide IF Alcohol Consumed sociable Acceptance/ Status(Reward Given)After Instrumental ConditioningAlcohol Consumption Positive (Behaviour) (Attitude towards it)This shows that if someone rewards a behavior, even if the behaviour itself is wrong, it is more(prenominal) likely to be repeated as it is strengthened it is the right view in the opinions of those who are in favor of alcohol consumption.As adults, we may be aware that different groups we belong to will reward or punish us for expressing support for a particular attitude position. We may even honor ourselves expressing one view on a topic to one audience and other view to a different audience. A relevant example would be the upcoming Elections 13 of Pakistan i.e. they depend on a candidates success at delivering the right view to the right audience, and so may be perceived as shifting their responses to accommodate the views of different audiences rather than taking a firm s tand on anything. This shows that they alter their attitudes just to gain rewards from people (votes). This however, can also be applied to the voters who will change their views or attitudes of voting for a particular party on the basis of the rewards in store for them e.g. financial benefits, technological advancements etc.Observational Learning Learning by Exposure to OthersAttitudes can form also in the absence of direct rewards for acquiring or expressing those attitudes through the method of observational learning or vicarious learning when individuals acquire attitudes or behaviors simply by observing others. According to Myers and Caniglia (2004, as cited in Delamater Myers, 2011) the media provide interpretive packages or frames about an object that may influence the attitudes of viewers and readers. By portraying events and actors in certain ways, TV news, news magazines, and newspapers can produce cognitive images of a racial group as being volatile, dangerous, or unreas onable that in turn produce negative attitudes. A common example is that of how Muslims are shown on international television as terrorists, instilling within the international audience that all Muslims are terrorists even though they may never have actually been in direct contact with them and yet develop a negative attitude towards them. But why do people adopt the attitudes that they hear others express or imitate the behaviors they observe in others?Social ComparisonThis refers to our tendency to differentiate ourselves with others to determine whether our view of social reality is correct or not, as we often adopt the attitudes that others hold. An individual is then seen to adopt the attitude position of those they see as similar to themselves and not of those they consider or see as dissimilar. An 18 year-old girl is more likely to look at another 18 year-old girl to adopt a clothing fashion or be up-to-date with the latest trends rather than a 50 year-old woman who isolates herself from societal values. withal if a teenaged boy wants to know about the latest games to play on his Xbox/PS3, he will more likely observe gamers rather than non-gamers also, if we go deeper, he will observe gamers who play the same kind of games as him same genre of games.Reference GroupsA reference group consists of the people an individual values and prefers to identify with, who they look up to when adjusting and forming their attitudes. The adoption of an attitude thus depend on extend to which an individual identifies with the group advocates the formation of an attitude or the change. This may apply to making small purchase decisions which brand of sunscreen to buy, as well as forming attitudes about other groups of people whether a new social group is positive or negative. According to a research it has been proven that if your reference group holds negative views about a new social group we have never been in contact with, we are more likely to form the similar nega tive attitude towards them despite not sagacious them at all. Not completely this but we ourselves expect to be influenced by those who we consider as similar. typesetters case University students being given a lecture on AIDS and the hazards of unprotected sex are more likely to be influenced by the attitude or views of the speakers if they are also university students, like themselves.Cognitive Consistency/InconsistencyConsistency among a persons cognitions i.e. beliefs and attitudes is widespread. If you have liberal political values, you probably favor medical assistance programs for people living in poverty. If you value equal rights for all persons, you probably support affirmative action plans. The observation that most peoples cognitions are consistent with one another implies that individuals are motivated to maintain that consistency. Several theories of attitude organization are based on this principle. In general, these cognitive consistency theories hypothesize that if an inconsistency develops amongst cognitive elements, people are motivated to restore harmony between those elements.Balance TheorySocial end conjecture as proposed by Fritz Heider (1946) is the theory that people strive for cognitive labyrinthine sense in their network of likes and dislikes. According to the offset theory, an imbalanced state is one in which two of the human relationships between elements are positive and one is negative or in which all three are negative. This theory can thus be used to explain our attitudes and fretfulness related to people we know, and consists of three possible statesBalance When the person/people we know have the same attitude as us.Imbalance When the person/people we know hold a contradictory attitude to ours.Non-balance When the person/people we dont like hold a contradictory attitude to ours. guinea pigConsider Fatima and Bilal, who are seniors in college. They have been passing game out together for 3 years and soon want to get married. Bilal is thinking about going to law instruct. Fatima doesnt want him to stay in school after he gets his bachelors degree. She doesnt want him to go to school for 3 more years, during their starting years of marriage.Bilal feels strongly about Law School (Positive Attitude).Bilal loves Fatima greatly and so does she (Positive Attitude).Fatima doesnt want him to go to Law School (Negative Attitude).Thus there is an imbalance that needs to be restored. There are three basic ways to do thisFirst, Bilal may change his attitudes so that the attitude emplacement (negative or positive) of one of the relations is reversed. For instance, Bilal may decide he does not want to attend law school (Positive to Negative). Alternatively, Bilal may decide he does not love Fatima (Positive to Negative), or he may persuade Fatima it is a good idea for him to go to law school (Negative to Positive). Each of these involves changing one relationship so the system of beliefs contains either zer o or two negative relationships.Bilal can restore balance by changing a positive or negative relation to a null relation. Bilal may decide that Fatima doesnt know anything about law school and her attitude toward it is irrelevant.Third, Bilal can restore balance by differentiating the attributes of the other person or object. For instance, Bilal may distinguish between major law schools, which require all the time and energy of their students, and less(prenominal) esteemed ones, which require less work. Fatima is correct in her belief that they would have to postpone marriage if he went to Yale Law School. However, Bilal believes he can go to a topical anaesthetic school part-time and also work and maintain a marriage.Balance is usually restored in whichever way is easiest. If one relationship is weaker than the other two, the easiest mode of restoring balance is to change the weaker relationship. Because Bilal and Fatima have been seeing each other for 3 years, it would be very d ifficult for Bilal to change his sentiments toward Fatima. It would be easier for him to change his attitude toward law school than to get a new fiance. However, Bilal would prefer to maintain their relationship and go to law school. Therefore, he may attempt to change Fatimas attitude, perhaps by differentiating the object (law schools). If this influence attempt fails, Bilal will probably change his own attitude towards law school.Cognitive-Dissonance TheoryWhenever we make a decision, there are some cognitions attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, that are consonant with that decision, and other cognitions that are dissonant with it. Dissonant cognitions create an unpleasant psychological state that we are motivated to reduce or eliminate. Whereas balance theory deals with the relationships among three cognitions, dissonance theory deals with consistency between two or more elements (behaviors and attitudes). There are two situations in which dissonance usually occursAfter a decision.W hen one acts in a way that is inconsistent with ones beliefs.Post-decision DissonanceAfter one has made a decision.Example Sajid needs a job in the city to earn money for his family.Having made the choice, Sajid is experiencing cognitive dissonance a state of psychological tension induced by dissonant relationships between cognitive elements. Some decisions produce a large amount of cognitive dissonance, others very little. The magnitude of dissonance experienced depends in part on the proportion of elements that are dissonant with a persons decision. In Sajids case, there are three consonant and only two dissonant cognitions, so he will experience moderate dissonance. The magnitude is also influenced by the magnificence of the elements. He will experience less dissonance if it is not important that he will seldom get a holiday, but more dissonance if spending time with his family is of great importance to him. A way of reducing the dissonance would be to emphasize more on the cons onant cognitions and de-emphasize the dissonant cognitions.Counter-attitudinal BehaviorA second fact that produces dissonance occurs when a person behaves in a way that is inconsistent with his or her attitudes.Example When a person who considers himself high in honesty is asked to lie. Jameel whole works as a sales man and is asked to lie to the customers about the quality of a certain product asked to say its imported when its not. For either customer he convinces to make such a purchase, he receives extra money (apart from his basic salary). If Jameel actually lies to the customer, he will face dissonance as it goes against his attitude of being honest behaviour is inconsistent with cognitions. The theory of cognitive dissonance, in regard to reducing the amount of dissonance being faces predicts thatOne will change their attitudes toward the tasks (like them better).The amount of change will depend on the incentive paid to tell the lie.Specifically, the theory predicts that g reater attitude change will occur when the incentive to tell the lie is low rather than high, because one will experience greater dissonance under low incentives than under high incentives.ReferencesBaron, R. A., Bhardwaj. G., Branscombe, N. R. Byrne, D. (2011) Social Psychology(12th ed). India Dorling Kindersley.Delamater, J. D. Myers, D. J. (2011) Social Psychology (7th ed). CA, USAWadsworth Cengage Learning.

Leadership Traits Of Steve Jobs

Leadership Traits Of Steve JobsCharisma is a God given gift that few volume possess, he is one of them. God non only gives him this gift, but also gives him the magic to attract the public which is usu every last(predicate)y the character of provocative evangelist and politician. He is a typical Ameri fuck-style hero, after some(prenominal)(prenominal) ups and downs he is still around, like Hemingway said in The Old Man and the Sea A gay can be destroyed but non defeated. He and his friend bring to passd a legend in electronic word, bring the world to a someoneal reckoner era. But at the peak of his course he was blocked, his life fells from the peak to the bottom, but 12 years later, he comeback , to chute an other(a) legend. Your era is limited, so dont waste it living somebody elses life, says Steve Jobs. From the day he was born(p) on February 24, 1955, St nonwithstanding Paul Jobs was on his own. As the CEO of apple Computer and CEO and Chairman of Pixar, Jobs is today recognized as one of the top attracters and is worth an estimated $4.4 billion.He is a successful example of in both calculating machine and entertainment industries, his story impress me a lot so I decide to write this paper, mainly for unearth the factors that lead him to so mevery success and his distinctive characters that make him such a charismatic person. I ordain first give a brief introduction ab give away his childhood and background information and his c arr, then I allow for list and explain his major leadership traits and behaviors that make him an idol. The last give be the application of Steve mulls leadership in hospitality assiduity.snapshots of Steve JobsBorn of APPLESteve Jobs was born in San FranciscoFebruary 24, 1955, the moment he was born, he became a orphanhe was ruthlessly abandoned by the university professor father and the decadent artists mother. Luckily, a lonely couple who dont has any kids adopt him. When Jobs is a kid, he is smart, nau ghty, wanton, and frequently come up with mischief, nevertheless he gets outstanding academic records. At that time, Jobs lived near the famous Silicon vale where many of his neighbors are Silicon Valley veteran of Hewlett-Packard, under the influence of these commonwealth, he fall in love with electronic. The first time he truism the computer is in a party of HP employee, and began to crazy about it. When he was in the junior high, he met Stephen Gary Wozniak (Aug. 11 1950) who is five years of age(p) than him and latterly became the most important person in his career. Woz is the president of e-club and also experience great interest in electronics so the cardinal hit it off. They founded apple Computer together eight years later. When he was 19 as a freshman of college, he suddenly came up with an idea to get a job in a computer game company and drop the rail. Soon after, he became interested in Buddhism quit the job and travel afield to India to be the apprentice of the master. After he fails he came back to USA and work in the previous company to be an engineer. After many setbacks, he finally decided to settle down and work on his interests as before. With Woz jobs spend day and night in his garage doing all kinds of experiment and aspiration about having a personal computer. After exploring the securities industriousness he found out, computer at that time are all giant computer for mercantile usage and quite expensive. So they think about developing a personal computer by themselves, but the corn part of the computerthe 8080 chip be $270 and wont sell to the individual client other than public company. Finally, they find another 6502 chip 6502 which almost has the same quality with the chip 8080 made by inter company and the prize if much(prenominal) lower, it only cost $20 for each piece.They went back to the garage with the chip and starts their innovation of computer world. After several weeks, they finally finish their first piece of worka personal computer. But at that time they dont what their work means to the future electronic world, it is the first personal computer and is a brand new concept to most of the people by that time. All of their friends was so shocked and Steve and his friend tried everything they can to raise bills for the bulk production. On the fools day of 1976, Jobs and Woz and one of Jobs friends Ronald Wayne together sign a contract and decide to establish the apple companies with the well know logo an apple bit by somebody. And the computer itself was named as the Apple IAbandoned by the company he establishedAt that time Apple didnt pay off a good business, even though the computer is quite amazing for those who love electronic, for the common person they dont know what this machine used for. Their first large order is a 50 one made by a salesman. And then they began to receive more and more orders, and Jobs began to consider of bulk production. Unfortunately, few people would like t o invest until a successful salesman provide a huge amount of loan to them and help them develops a business plan. On the first computer fair held on the west coast, Apple II attracted so much attention and thousands of customers crowd around their exhibition hope to buy one.Apple came to a peak in 1980 when the company went public. All the shares were sold out within an hour, and Steve Jobs became one of the richest men in USA.He receives the National Technology Medal tending(p) by President Ronald Reagan. However failure figurems always comes with huge success, Steves business philosophy always differs from other people and the IBM began to grow up swallow apples market share quickly. Nearly everyone think its Steves fault to have such a bad business. On September 17, 1985 he quit his job, leave the company he set up.He asseverate to sell the hardware and software together as a package and this stop the companys expansion speed do everything by themselves, that is one of the b asiss why he fail.December 17, 1996 is a remarkable day for Apple and the entire computer industry. Steve Jobs came back and with an even greater passion on Apple, because he never forgets his dream. By the time he went back he start to reform and restructure the traditional operation and administration in the company. To everybodys amazement, he picks up the relationship with Microsoft which is the biggest competitor at that time. Just like before, he spent a lot of effort inventing new computers. His effort pays off until iMac, a brand new design computer occurred in the market with the famous motto I think, therefore iMac.He always keeps himself busy and company start to make profit again. Before he came back companys balance show a negative number of one billion but by the time 1999 the balance show a positive number of 300 million, at the same time iMac II shock the computer market again people began to regard him with spare respect.Outstanding leadership traits of Steve JobsP hysical and Background TraitsSteve Jobs is adopted as referred in the introduction part, this quite influence his personality formulation of his integral childhood, Steve is so clever that he recognized he was adopted when he is very young, this makes him feels it is more dependable of himself than others, because even his biological parents abandon him. In this berth he began to become more and more independent and hate the regulation from others and tends to make every decision by himself. For instance, even if his family is not that rich, he insist to go to a private school which charge high fees to study in the best microelectronic school at that time. To everyones surprise, he quit the school which he spent so much effort to get in because he think the homework is stupid and waste of time. Even the school ignore him, he still cheque in the dormitory learn by himself and do the experiment. At last he even cant stand stay in the school, he goes out the campus and get a job in HP.Another trait that make him so success maybe because his environment he stay during his childhood. His family leaves near the famous silicon valley where many great electronic masters work and this affect him so much that he accustomed to it and cant help himself out. Whats more, he even lives next to an engineer works in the HP fraternity and act as his mentor when he is young. This man is worth mention not only because he lead Steve into the magic electronic world but also he introduce him a job in HP and this is so important for Steve because it help Steve to know more about electronic and the business.Personality and Ability TraitsPower of dominance. Steve Jobs dominance everything during work including the event process of production and all employees. No matter you are a common person or a computer genius he can always dominant you, for most people testamenting or have to obey his direction. For those who insist not follow his idea, he will use everything he can to def eat you to obey his commander. For example, he always question people like, Do you really believe you are right? most people will lose confident at this moment and for those who dont compromise, he will try his best to find out the flow in your work, and gradually destroy your authority and believe he is the person that you have to obey. Steve Jobs use nearly every psychological skill that helps leaders to control others and maintain the leaders dominance. It usually takes two steps to control a person, first, he will use some frightening or even rude way destroy the persons confident makes the person feel like a helpless child. Then, build a parent image for himself to guide him, after these two steps the person will perform in the way Steve told him and grant his own success to Steves great guidance.Jobs have very high skill in giving speech and presentation. in that location are mainly 7 techniques that Jobs has learned about inspiring his consultation he use all of them to wo w his employees, customers, investors, or anyone else he need to motivate. First, Sell dreams, not products. Steve Jobs define his mission as changing the world. When iPod appears on the market in 2001, Jobs said, In our own small way were going to make the world a better place. Where most people see the iPod as a music player, Jobs sees it as tool to enrich peoples lives. SecondReveal a Holy Smokes moment. There is always one water armored combat vehicle moment in Steve Jobs presentation. For example, when Jobs unveiled the MacBook Air, what do people remember? They recall that he take computer out from an envelope The image of a computer sliding in an envelope was immediately unveiled in Apple ads and on the Apple website. The water cooler moment had run according to plan.Share the stage. Few companies are as closely associated with their founders as Apple is with Steve Jobs. But on stage Steve Jobs is far from a one-man show. Jobs introduces partners or customers in every major presentation. If they cant physically share the stage with him, he will roll video clips and testimonials about Apples products. He also introduces employees who deliver sections of the presentation. Whether its designer Jonathan Ive or marketing chief Phil Schiller, employees with particular expertise in one area often share the stage with Jobs. Your audience craves variety. Give it to them. They also want to see teamwork. Show it to them.Task and Social TraitsHe has the greatest motivation in his work. First 3year when he back to Apple he didnt get any money from the company which equals to stock worth $500 million and insist works 90 hours a week. So, it is the passions on make unique products that are outstanding and change the perspective for consumers. And never give up the passion on Apple even when he caught cancer.Like all of the successful leaders, Jobs has great sociability. When Jobs leaves apple and began to set up a new company and try to get a bank to cooperate, he c alls the chairman of Citibank, even it can be done by a manager in a branch-bank, the chairman met him help him solve the problem. Whats more, he also does some charities and get by new product to those who he admire by himself. All of these behavior enhance his affected his influence in the public.Outstanding Negotiation Skill - tenor for perfectionismLeadership behavior of Steve JobsDirective leadership behaviorsBase on so many anecdotes of Steve Jobs no matter positive or negative, we can clearly see he belongs to directive leaders. He seldomly listen to others opinion and even name others idea as stupid. Like most directive leaders, he set up strict rules to his employee. Those who fail to meet his expectation will be reprimanded. In his mind everyone should listen to his command, not only the employee but also the member of the board. The understanding why he leaves apple in the early years is also caused by his directive or even someone calls egocentric. By that time, Apple doesnt have very good business because he insists to develop both software and hardware all by themselves and some other failure decision. While other computer companies like IBM quickly develop and gradually eat Apples market. His directive leadership behaviors annoy the board finally decide to kick him out. Even though the directive leadership brings him a lot of trouble, but his success is also base on it. He knows what the plan is and how it will work. He is so directive that every employee should follow his commander and do in his way with no excuse otherwise they will be dishonored in public. When we are surf the internet with a comfortable laptop or enjoy a game using a multi-touch screen cellphone in a subway, we will find out its Jobs directive and perfectionism that make our life so interesting.4.2 Charismatic and transformational leadership behaviorsMagic of the culture is gather a classify of people and create a super power. Jobs is the kind of leader who can create s uch kind of cultural to increase the coherence of the team.1981 Jobs form a new group for the Macintosh computer, until 1982 he gets 20 member in his group and all of them are shrewd, capable, and full of passion like a group of pirate he is the pirate chieftains. He also held a party to implement this culture, in the party he gave everyone a T-shirt with a slogan on the box says 90 Hours A Week And Loving It He also add some sentence for some people to let them feel how important they are for the company, and some even higher level engineers can even have big meal in the cabin. He create the pirate culture not for fun, his real goal is to motivate the group to work hard to shock the world on May 16, 1983 when the computer fair would be held. All the members flavor forward to the advent of products and value the product better than their life. By spreading the pirate culture he gets a highly motivated group and reaches his goal.He knows how to convince others in in many ways inclu ding humiliation and challenging. His language is very irresistible both in speech or when negotiate with investors. Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world? this sentence which is abounding in riot governs John Sculley the CEO of Pepsi defect to Apple. This sentence looks like a compliment and also a humiliation, it stimulate Sculley and he suffer from it for several days thought process if he not accept jobs invitation, he will wander weather he made a right decision. In the Inaugural Sulley addresses, the only reason he work for apple is to work with Steve Jobs.Steve Jobs in hospitality industryEven though there are essential differences between hospitality industry and electronics industry, but leadership is relevant. All the industries are managed by people and most essential work is done by person, so leaders of these two industry must sharing some characters or trait with each other. Hospitality industry as a labor intensive industry requires more stringy and skillful leader compared to other industry. Learning from others or even other industries becomes a shot cut for many leaders who want to improve themselves trail skills. Steve jobs as a legend of the electronics industry must be outstanding in leading a company or have some special ability to improve the efficiency of management. After analyzing and abstracting the basic leadership traits and leadership behavior of steve jobs, lets take a further step in exploring the application of steve jobs leadership character in hospitality industry and find out how the current management methods in hospitality industry can be improved.As a referred previously in this paper, he is the one who born to change the world. Which means his major character of his leading attributes is about innovation. This character really helps him and Apple go with shows outstanding and produces cutting-edge products. Each time Apple introduce new product into the market, there will be a huge purchase wrap appear. As for hospitality industry, is innovation important in big decision making process or even daily operation? The answer will be yes. Implementing innovation in hospitality industry usually happens on the international franchising. In order to adjust itself to a new environment, a leader who have the spirit of innovation will be needed. Not only for the product adjusting but also the service concept changing. Take an example of KFC to expatiate my opinion, as we all know KFC which is one of the most famous fast food company in actually china comes from USA, but KFC seems dont have that much fans in USA compared with China. But when the head company made a decision to penetrate into China market they make huge innovation to both their product and brand image. This turns out to be a big success. From this point of view, Steve jobs leading method is perfectly suit for hospitality industry.When people who had the experience o f working with Jobs were asked to conclude him will always refer to his charisma, like some will say the only reason I work in Apple Company is to work with Steve Jobs. Or, his word seem have some magic that you cant refuse he will let you believe he is the only person that will lead you to success. This is a symbol of charismatic or transformational leadership. Jobs even been described as a textbook of charismatic leader who is always assertive, dynamic, outgoing, and often forceful. These characters become more and more apparent as he grows up. Hospitality as a business mainly about produce guest blessedness has a high demand of this kind of leading style. Hotels need motivated employee to produce high guest satisfaction, and this can be handled perfectly by a charismatic leader. When hotel managers trying to motivate their employees into a good service attitude and positive mood, the manager himself should first behave dynamically and be outgoing so that the employees can be inf ected with his spirits. Imagine that, one hotel manager is depressed and how his employees will behave? His pessimism has the effect of depressing everyone around him because he is the leader the employment model of the followers.

Effects Of Parental Involvement In The Education

Effects Of conjureal Involvement In The EducationP arnt pas clipping is a valuable component of every pupils education. It is a well-established fact that maternal affaire is linked to childrens success at civilize. When grows ar abstruse in their childrens education at home, they do better in enlightening. (Henderson and Berla, 1994) The direct of p arnt- inculcate battle is a better predictor of grades than are standardized test scores. (Desimone, 1999) The 12 years of 180 six-hour days spent in inculcate add up to only 13% of a educatees waking, learning time during the first 18 years of disembodied spirit. The rest, 87% is spent come in of drill, primarily at home. (Walberg) What is important is non the type of naturalise, or who goes in that location, but the grapheme of its relationship with the families. (Henderson and Map, 2002)Research indicates that at that place are positive academic step forwardcomes stemming from parental affair with benefits c ounterbalance in early childhood, throughout adolescence and beyond. (Henderson and Mapp, 2002 Patrikakou, Weisberg, Redding, and Walberg, 2005)Henderson and Berla (1994) in an article A New generation of Evidence, state that the family is critical to student achievement. When parents are involved in school, children go farther in school and the schools they go to are better. There is a strong correlation between parental involution and change magnitude academic achievement.2.2 abstract Underpinnings of the study invokeal mesh was maked as including several different forms of parent participation in education and with the schools. proves flowerpot hurt their childrens schooling by attending school functions, responding to school obligations (parent-teacher conferences, for example), and becoming involved in their childrens school go. They provide encouragement, arrange for appropriate study time and space, model desired manner (such as reading for pleasure), monitor homewor k, and actively tutor their children. (Henderson and Berla, 1994)Parent is used in this study to include protectors, grand-parents, foster parents and anybody who takes care of the children. (Kathleen Karen, 1989)In the 1980s, the United States became particularly concerned with the quality of its educational system. Parental battle in schools became a major issue.Communities in any case become more watchful of the expense of public education, while local schools became concerned with continuous provision of high-quality teaching and other services. All of this occurred in a time of dwindling resources. Additionally, parents wanted assurance that their children were receiving preparation ad pit to train rewarding adult lives (Kathleen Karen, 1989).Riley (as cited in Moles, 2000) explained that parents are the essential link in improving Ameri plenty education, and schools simply have to do a better concern of reaching out to them (p. vii). Parental expectations regarding th eir children appear to be a constant in childrens academic achievement and social adjustment. Although many parents may not be certain how to help their children with assignments, with guidance and detain they can become actively involved in home learning activities, have an opportunity to teach, be models, and pull out their children (Michigan Department of Education, 2001).He became interested in how schools in the U.S. involve parents in the education of their children because of the situation in my home country, Cameroon. During his education in Africa, I ascertained that students whose parents were not involved in their education did not perform well. Many dropped out of school or failed to further their education. In the United States, parental contact is discussed as a major way. That is not the case in Cameroon. There, parents have little voice in pedagogy and content.According to Keane (2007), parental involvement improves the chances of childrens success at school, yet research suggests that parent participation may be on the decline. Keane further asserted that student achievement represents more than just grades.Attendance, students attitudes toward school, student behavior, and the drop-out rate all connect with student achievement. A report conducted by Desforges and Abouchaar (2003), showed that enhanced parental involvement leads to better academic performance, better attendance, and improved behavior at home and school (p. 44).2.3 Context of Parental InvolvementIn the post-World War II Era (1945-1950s), parental involvement included participation in parent conferences, monitoring of homework, signing of report cards, attending PTA meetings, and fundraising events. In the 1960s educators and indemnity makers focused on parental involvement as a path to improve educational success for the poor and underachieving students. This led to the development of a variety of models and strategies to hike such parental involvement (Milbrey Shields, 1987).In 1965, Haiman began experimenting with parent involvement program strategies. He designed and wrote the Parental Involvement Performance Standards for the interior(a) Head pelf and this was used as a consultant to Head Start throughout the nation (Haiman, 1965). In 1968 he spoke on the relevance of curriculum, administration and company involvement (Chicago Tribune, 1968). By 1979, many schools had started incorporating parental involvement into their school programs. Parental involvement in special education programs also increased (Los Angeles Times, 1979).By 1989, the National Education Organization had started incorporating parental involvement programs in their agendas. They provided procreation to school staff and parents on parental involvement. The School Board Association produced sample school policies on parental involvement which they believed would make schools more seize and more likely, academic development would take place. Best practices and models to support parental involvement were developed. Many reports were written to recommend the necessity of parental involvement in school improvement (USA Today, 1989). In the 1990s, studies demonstrated that parental involvement could predict academic achievement. Parental involvement was considered an integral part of the school curriculum. The level of parental involvement was increased in roughly of the school soils across the nation (USA Today, 1990).Today, laws have been formd to enforce parental involvement in schools including provisions of NCLB and School obligation Teams. Movements for community control of education such as the education of low-income children, special education students, and English Language Learners have been developed to meet the inquires of students. Districts focus on implementing strategies to evoke parent, family, and community involvement (National Center for School Engagement, 2004). The Family Strengthening form _or_ system of government Center (2004) established that states can develop a state-wide network to support teachers preparation for parental involvement, and also provide technical dish upance to local districts and schools on how to get parents involved. School districts must have a written policy for administrative support and training for staff, parents and community members on parent involvement programs. The community should be able to advocate with state education agencies and school districts to promote widespread and effective parental involvement policies and practices.According to the U.S. Department of Education (1997) a sustained mutual collaboration, support, and participation of school staff and families are undeniable for a winning school-family partnerships and childrens learning. Although the success of school family partnerships is difficult to reach, it is important to note that the benefits to children and their educational success depends on hard work required to sustain the school-family partnerships (Epstein, Coates, Salinas, Sanders, Simon, 1997).In line with the mandates of NCLB, the New Mexico Public Education Department (NMPED) has developed statewide standards which establish expectations for all New Mexico public school students. These standards require every district in New Mexico to develop an Education Plan for Student Success (EPSS) a long-range strategic plan to promote students success and continuous school improvement (Parents Searching Out, 2009).Parent involvement in learning activity is a strategy that was piece by Epstein (1995) to increase the educational effectiveness of the time that parents and children spend together at home. Teachers and parents agree on the involvement of parents, seventy one percent of principals and fifty nine percent of teachers called it a priority base on research conducted by. Those schools whose parental involvement is strong provide a lot of benefit to the students. How Strong Communication Contributes to Studen t and School Success Parent and Family Involvement shows that improved parental involvement not only leads to academic achievement, but to better attendance and improved behavior at home and school as well. When school and home work together collaboratively, and using a competent approach to education, it can make a huge difference in student achievement. (Padgett 2006) The National School Public Relations Association (NSPRA) suggests that a formal policy be created. Lack of planning was call inn as one of the most challenging aspects to more involvement.Walberg on Families in Educational Productivity states that there is no question that parent involvement represents an exceptionally powerful way of fashioning schools more effective, and of dramatically enriching childrens experiences. Some research indicates that achievement among students in primary schools have identified theories and policies which play significant roles in parent involvement in education (Fan and Chen, 2001 Hill and Tyson, 2009). These theories and policies not only closed the education gap in terms of demographics they also maximize student potential. Parent involvement is so important that The No Child Left Behind Act (National PTA, 2006) is a Federal Policy that puts a mandate on parental involvement in education and family-school relations across primary school levels. However, despite the consensus near how important it is for family and school to work together across developmental stages, theories of parent involvement in education have been based on the primary school students in their context and do not focus on the changes that occur with eye school and early adolescent development (Hill and Taylor, 2004 Hill and Tyson, 2009). The Title 1 program is also a government mandated program developed to increase parent involvement and educational services for disadvantaged children. This program placed the emphasis on parental involvement as the primary delegacy of improving the q uality of education of low income children (Kim O. Yap and Enoki, 1995).One may ask the question why parents should become involved in their childrens literacy activities. The evidence about the benefits of parents being involved in their childrens education in general and literacy activities in particular is overwhelming. (Fan and Chen 2001) in their meta-analysis found that parental involvement positively affects academic performance. Feinstein Symons, 1999 acid out in their research that parental involvement leads to academic achievement.Epsteins adjoinwork of six types of involvement are as follows parenting which help all families establish home environments to support children as students Communicating from home to school and school to home about school programs and student progress Volunteering by organizing parent help and support. Learning at home by providing information and ideas from families about how to help students at home with homework and other curriculum- cogit ate activities decisions and planning Parents should be included in decision make involve parent leaders and representatives Collaborating with the community by identifying and integrating resources and services from the community to strengthen school programs, family practices, and student learning and development.Students value their education when they see the interest shown by their parents. Barge, Loges (2003), highlight the fact that government supports parental involvement.According to Moosa, Karabenick, Adam (2001), the alliance between home and school has dramatically changed throughout the record of formal education, as have the roles and functions that parents and teachers are expected to fulfill (p. 477). Throughout time, parents have been portrayed as both friend and foe in the note of educational reform (Callahan, Rademacher, Hildreth, 1998). Historically, parental involvement wasnt always a welcomed addition to the school community, and even today some view pare nt-school relations as a power struggle. claw and Walls, (1998) reported that some research found little to no effect of parental involvement on school achievement for mall age students. For the most part however, teachers and administrators welcome a helping hand in the overcrowded classrooms of the public schools and agree that parental involvement is one way to duo reading comprehension gaps. Today, it is widely recognized that parents play an essential role in their childrens school life. Numerous types of parental involvement have been shown to develop cognitive growth and success in school (Shaver and Walls, 1998). Schools are working hand in hand with parents, Edwards, and Alldred (2000) describe parents and schools as policy makers with similar functions when it comes to children.Research indicates that there are positive academic outcomes stemming from parental involvement with benefits beginning in early childhood, throughout adolescence and beyond (Henderson and Mapp, 2002 Patrikakou, Weisberg, Redding, and Walberg, 2005). Shaver and Walls, (1998), are also in support, they point out that the connection between parents and school achievement is real.The Epstein case studies are another research that supports parent involvement. Epstein (2002), used the Comprehensive School Reform sticker (CSR) demonstrates how collaborative work produces positive outcomes. These studies were conducted in certain states, in selected school within the school districts. Educators, parents and community partners worked collaboratively on action teams to plan the curriculum. The programs are evaluated beforehand being implemented in order to assess how well the plans connected family and school-community involvement.Henderson and Berla (1994) in an article A New generation of Evidence, state that the family is critical to student achievement. When parents are involved in school, children go farther in school and the schools they go to are better. Regard slight of so cioeconomic status or race, studies show a direct correlation between parental involvement and a childs academic achievement (Williams 1992).2.4 Parental Involvement and AchievementIt is well established that parental involvement is correlated with school achievement of both children and adolescents (Long, 2007). Primary school children gain greater academic, language, and social skills (Grolnick Slowiaczek, 1994), primary school students have greater achievement and early aspirations (Eccles Harold, 1993) and spend more time doing and completing homework (Epstein Sanders, 2002). Research shows that parental involvement is more important to childrens academic success than their familys socioeconomic status, race, ethnicality, or educational background (Amatea West, 2007).Parental involvement can encourage childrens and adolescents achievement in many ways. One way that parents can contribute positively to their childrens education is to assist them with their academic work at h ome. Parents who read to their children, assist them with their homework, and provide tutoring using resources provided by teachers tend to do better in school than children whose parents do not assist their children (Izzo et al., 1999). Additionally, in a study conducted by Callahan, Rademacher and Hildreth (1998) on twenty-six lower to middle-class at risk sixth and seventh grade vacuous students, students mathematics scores increased when parents became involved with assisting them at home. In the Callahan et al. study, parents were trained for duration of ten weeks on how to implement home-based self management and reinforcement strategies. Shaver and Walls (1998) conducted a similar parent training with seventy-four Title I students in second to eighth grade. Their study showed that regardless of gender or socioeconomic status of the child, parent involvement increased the scores of both mathematics and reading. Other parental involvement strategies that are said to assist chi ldren academically are for parents to have books, newspapers, and computers in their homes (Suizzo, 2007).This is not to say that just because there are books and newspapers in the home that children go out read them children do, however, fare better with their reading when there are books and computers in the home.Research shows that the level of parental involvement is associated with academic success. Children whose parents are actively involved in their schooling benefit better than children whose parents are passively involved. Specifically, if parents attend teacher conferences, accept phone calls from the school, and read and sign communications from the school, their children will benefit academically more than children whose parents do none of the above. Furthermore, children surpass even more when their parents assist them at home with their homework, attend school sponsored events, and volunteer at their childrens schools (Suizzo, 2007).Childrens academic success also m ay be related to school-level parental involvement. Parental involvement can be defined as participation by a childs mother and/or father, or legal guardian in a childs education. Children who attend schools where there is a high level of parental involvement evidence greater achievement. School-level parental involvement seems to benefit children and adolescents academically and behaviorally by promoting information sharing and control over childrens behavior. Coleman (1990) asserted that children whose parents know each other promote school identification and success for their children. Broh (2000) also mentioned that students at school-level parental involvement schools were more likely to do their homework because completing their homework was considered the norm at these schools.2.5 What is Parental Involvement?Parental involvement means different things to different people. A recent newsletter published by The Center for Comprehensive School Reform and Improvement (2006) expla ined that some people equate involvement to chaperoning field trips or volunteering for PTA committees while others define it as attending an open house or signing off on homework folders. National PTA (2006) described parental involvement as regular participation of parents, a two-way process, and meaningful communication involving student academic learning and other school activities. National PTA pays particular attentions to parents, who are economically disadvantaged, disabled, have curb English proficiency, have limited literacy, or are of any racial or ethnic minority background. Under National PTA, schools are required to do evaluation and design strategies for more effective parental involvement, and also to revise, if necessary, the parental involvement policies. It also places the responsibility for schools to be certain that parent involvement initiatives are properly developed and evaluated.National PTA reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA, 196 5) with four principles to frame ways in which families, educators, and communities can work together to improve teaching and learning. These principles include accountability for results, local control and flexibility, expanded parental choice, and effective and successful programs that reflect scientifically based research. Enhancing connections within families, between families, and with their communities and the institutions that affect them should result in better outcomes for children and their families. These principles stress that parents and schools should be accountable for students achievement. In addition, plans for parental involvement should be flexible to address the local needs and build parents capacity to improve on their childrens achievement (U.S Department of Education, 2004 Family Strengthening Policy Center, FSPC, 2004). The Family Strengthening Policy Center, FSPC (2004), observed that there is no universal definition of what parental involvement in education entails. Some definitions include greater participation in the life of a school, while others are focused on the increased contributions to an individual childs learning process. Still others incorporate the family into the learning process through adult education, parenting, and later on school activities. Reenay et al., (2007) defined parental involvement as encompassing three areas a) direct contact with teachers, b) parental actions at school, and c) parental actions at home. In many schools, parents are engaged in the governance and planning processes in building students achievement goals (FSPC, 2004). Nonetheless, parental involvement takes place when parents actively, resourcefully and responsibly contribute to promote and develop the well being of their communities (Northwest Regional Education, 2001 Jesse, 2009)Davies (1991) defined parental involvement from a shifting perspective. Restructuring the society, communities, and schools leads to the transformation of parenta l involvement. The following evolving definition illustrates this paradigm shift.2.5.1 Evolving renderingParental involvement shifts from parent focus to family focus, family to community agencies, school to home/neighborhood setting, eager parents to hard-to reach families, teachers/administrators agendas to family priorities, and deficit view of urban families to emphasis on inherent strengths of families (Davies, 1991). He further explained that even though non-traditional families are much more common nowadays than they were in the 1950s, alternative family structures are effective and should be recognized by the school.Liontos (1992) mentioned recent beliefs about parents and families that schools should consider when involving them in their childrens education 1) All families have strengths, 2) parents can learn new techniques, 3) parents have important perspectives about their children, 4) most parents really care about their children, 5) cultural differences are both valid and valuable, and 6) many family forms exist and are legitimate (pp. 30-31).Jesse (2009) noted that parental involvement has two independent components parents as supporters and parents as active partners. This approach of parental involvement would be insufficient if schools make use of only one of these components. Parents can be active, yet not supportive of the education process and vice versa. He further indicated that parental involvement should take many forms. For example, parental involvement can be reading to children, volunteering at the school, collaborating on decision making committees, and advocating for children. Hewison and Tizard (1980) explained that parental involvement can be focused if the school addresses the following issues a) define what is meant by parent involvement, b) define what the school means by parental involvement, c) provide examples of parents decision making roles, d) remove structural barriers, and e) identify who else has an interest in incre asing the parents role in the school.2.6 Why parents help?Parents, teachers, and administrators should be equally responsible for the education of children. If schools want to truly ensure academic success of children, schools need to make sure that all educational planning passes through parents first (Patrikakou et al., Weissberg, 2005). According to the National Parent Teacher Association (NPTA), although parents often state that they would like to be more involved in their childrens education, they complain that they quality left out of decision-making at their childrens school. Frankly, some school personnel are not convenient with the idea of having parents involved in more than the traditional fundraisers. These personnel feel that as long as parents stick to traditional fundraiser events, everything else will be okay. Shatkin Gershberg (2007) and Seeley (1992) found that parental involvement at some schools is seen as a power struggle. When teachers believe that they are the primary person to handle a childs education, then they create an unbalanced and unequal partnership. Nevertheless, at least theoretically, most teachers welcome the idea of parent involvement. According to a teachers perceptions study published by the National Parent Involvement Network, 83% of teachers wanted an increase in parental involvement at their schools, and 95% of inner city teachers felt that parental involvement was absent (Funkhouser, Gonzales, Moles, 1997).Many parental involvement strategies have been used in the past, but schools are still baffled by the lack of parental involvement at the secondary level (Christenson Sheridan, 2001 Drake, 2000). Antiquated parental and family involvement strategies are often cited as a major problem in research. Schools that update their strategies to accommodate the characteristics of their community benefit more than those schools that only use a standard program (Drake, 2000). Other problems may be that most parental invol vement strategies are aimed at helping middle class families (Crozier, 2001), focus mostly on primary schools, and do not place much emphasis on minority families. The increased diversity of students and their families presents an even greater challenge to schools and teachers (Lewis, 1992 Wanders et al., 2007).Teachers recognize the benefits of including parents, but consistently complain that parents do not assist in their childrens education (Lewis, 1992). Administrators and educators should not walk out that parents automatically know how to involve themselves at school or home. Parents need to be taught how to effectively involve themselves in their childrens schooling. The assumption that every parent knows how to teach their children should be admonished. Parents are not teachers and need to be instructed on how to teach, assist, and encourage their children at home (Quigley, 2000). Ineffective instruction at home by a parent could hinder the academic progress of their child ren.The National PTA (2006) gave the following suggestions on how to involve parents a) schools should host orientation sessions for parents on how to be involved, b) have an onsite family resource center, which will give parents access to materials on parenting, c) give parents handouts on curriculum information and teaching methods, d) encourage parents to volunteer in school and at school events, and e) gather up parents to sit on committees to participate in school-decision making.Likewise, it should not be assumed that teachers automatically know how to effectively involve parents in the classroom and at home. Epstein (1985) pointed out that the majority of teachers have little to no training on how to involve parents in the classroom. Therefore, most teachers lack necessary skills and knowledge on how to effectively work with parents. Kesslar-Sklar and Baker (2000) found that teachers need guidance from school administrators and consultants such as school psychologists to com municate with parents. In-services and workshops could provide guidance on how to effectively engage parents. Parent engagement is important on all levels of school involvement however, sometimes schools are confused on what is considered parent engagement or involvement. School administrators and teachers feel that parental involvement is important for the academic success of children, but sometimes the definition of what constitutes parent involvement is often misconstrued between parents and teachers. According to Epstein and Sanders (2002), there are six types of involvement a) parenting- assist families with parenting and child-rearing skills, understanding child and adolescent development, and setting home conditions that support children as students at each age and grade level b) communicating- communicate with families about school programs and student progress through effective school-to-home and home-to-school communications c) volunteering improve recruitment, training, w ork, and schedules to involve families as volunteers and audiences at the school or in other locations to support students and school programs d) learning at home- involve families with their children in learning activities at home, including homework and other curriculum-linked activities and decisions e) decision making-include families as participants in school decisions, governance, and advocacy through PTA/PTO, school councils, committees, and other parent organizations and f) collaborating with the community- coordinate resources and services for families, students, and the school with businesses, agencies, and other groups, and provide services to the community. Schools play an important role in assisting parents with the aforementioned strategies. When these strategies along with parents feeling welcome are in effect, children thrive academically and socially. If parents do not feel welcome at their childs school, they are less likely to be involved (Constantino, 2003).2.7 H ow do Schools Engage Parents?Hanke (2006) pointed out that lack of parental involvement is due to lack of helpful information to parents. Emails, phone, letters, newsletters and personal contacts can be make by schools to reach out to parents. If schools communicate with parents regularly and consistently using the various means, the gap between school and parental involvement will be reduced. Students expectations and achievement will increase if families show high levels of interest (National PTA, 1998). Six different areas of parental involvement are identified by Epstein et al., (1997) parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making, and collaborating with the community. Two types of communication exist (The Pacific Resources for Education and Learning, 2006). These two types include one-way (transmittal) and two-way communication. In one-way communication, the school disseminates information to parents on how they can help their children at home. Examp les of this type of communication are newsletters and informational fliers. The two-way communication is considered much more interactive and perceived as a partnership between the school and families. Examples include surveys and questionnaires structured to collect informational data pertaining to students (The Pacific Resources for Education and Learning, 2006).Reenay and Vivian (2007) explained that even though the invention of new technologies has made it easier for schools to reach out to parents (through emails, cell phones and internet websites), the use of traditional methods in communication has been found to be an effective way for schools to communicate with parents, but this has been limited in use by schools because of time constraints. In addition, it has been assessed that the frequent use of mass communications (newsletters, calendars, letters and handbooks) by school educators has not been effective in changing student behaviors.However, as Jonson (1999) reported, many parents do not communicate with their childrens schools due to a vast number of reasons. For example, their concerns might not be perceive or responded to promptly, or they are busy at work. Despite t

How does Shelley present relationships between men and women? Essay

How does Shelley present relationships amid men and women?Shelley present relationships between men and women in mixed waysbut they all have an inter-linking message within them. This is thatwomen are dependent on men in the legal age of relationships.Shelley uses characters as illustrations of different relationships forexample Caroline and Alphonses relationship is a truly loving one. Allthat Frankenstein says of his parents his good things, for example hesays, Active spirit of tenderness that animated both, the majorityof descriptions of their relationships is similar to this. Theirrelationship effectively creates a benchmark with which to compare allthe other relationships with. None of the others is anywhere nears asperfect as theirs is described.In comparison to their relationship Waltons relationship with hissister is significantly less passionate. Walton expresses his love forhis sister occasionally, he says, I love you very tenderly, he ishowever not in touch with the e motional turmoil you would expect hissister to be going through. Emotionally Walton is naive theirrelationship is long distance, and it is clearly obvious Walton has noexperience in communicating his feelings. Their relationship is anunsure one.The main relationship between Victor and Elizabeth is of greatcontrast, especially between them. As the novel goes on it is apparentthat Victor stands for evil, he is selfish, lets an innocent die andhis self-piteous as well as ignorant. Elizabeth on the other handstands for love, caring and is completely unselfish. They are 2complete opposites, but they are supposedly in love. There is hugecontrast between them, and their relationship is quite rocky... ...sonality. Again in the way thatShelley has presented the relationships between men and women, she hasexpressed her feminist opinion on how women are forced to give in tomen.This is where the role of the monster comes in, it wants a female forcompanionship, a muliebrity as an equal. The m onster represents therelationship that feminists want he doesnt want to dominate arelationship, where the woman has to depend on the man.The way Shelley presents relationships seem very feministic, men areportrayed as selfish and ignorant, while women are portrayedessentially as the heroines, for example Justine. She dies with honor,while Victor is portrayed as self-centered. S well as feministopinions being expressed, there is a general feeling that relationshipwill eventually fail and are lots painful.Shelley uses relationships to express her opinions.